Gear box

# Gear box is an essential equipment in a gear assembly. Gear Box is also known as Gear head, Gear reducer and Speed reducer. The fundamental principle of a gearbox is to transmit the cause of mechanical rotation between two shafts. In this order, there is a structural support present in between the two shafts. Generally, gearboxes are kept inside the casings. This helps the gearboxes in their structural support, provides protection and ensures in doing safe functioning. Normally, the gearboxes are designed in reducing the speed, but sometimes, a gearbox may be designed for speed enhancing duties. The shafts inside the gearboxes are placed for the purpose of accepting and delivering the machinery rotation. This machinery rotation (torque) is achieved in the form of splines that should be suitable to connect or join to another unit. The capacity of thrusting outward of the shafts will have been limited from the casing. The mechanical rotation which is generated by the engine is consumed through the gearbox. This in turn, is being converted into a force at the road surface. To accelerate the vehicle, the force which is being applied can be calculated as follows:Spur Gear Box
Spur gearbox is an effective and durable mechanical equipment, which is used for the purpose of transmitting power and uniform and constant rotatory motion from one parallel shaft to the other shaft. Spur gearbox is also considered as a capable industrial tool that provides a continuous speed drive. This speed drive can be increased or decreased according to the requirement.

# Helical Gear Boxes
Helical gearboxes are quite alike the spur gearboxes in working. These gearboxes possess teeth that are fitted in a spiral format around the gear. The modern helical gearboxes are usually designed on a modular concept of construction and are available in different ratios. These gearboxes are fabricated to work absolutely without any noise, thus used in transmission operations.

# Hardened & Ground Gear Box
Hardened and ground gearboxes are considered one of the best types of gearboxes in the gears and gearbox manufacturing industry. They are widely used in many industrial applications in wind mills, cement industry, agro industry, fertilizer plants, aviation industry, and so. They are fabricated from industry standard raw materials like nickel, titanium, and stainless steel.

# Crane Duty Gear Box
These gearboxes are often used in heavy-duty applications. They are one of the advanced types of gearboxes, which give maximum thermal efficiency. These gearboxes facilitate the proper meshing of the gear teeth, which results in enhanced performance of the gear. The high efficiency is also ensured by its precision gearing and accurate bearings. It is often used in mining, automobiles, and construction industry.

RC Carburetors

A graphic look at a slide valve three needle R/C Nitro Engine Carburetor.

All r/c nitro engine carburetors are of the slide or rotary valve design.

This pictorial is of a slide valve r/c nitro engine carburetor. A large number of slide valve carburetors are of the three needle design.

A high speed, low speed and idle adjustment needle. There is some variance in this, some use only two needles.

While others use three needles, just that the manufacturer's use different terminology.

Now let us take a closer look at a r/c nitro engine carburetor. A graphic guide to all the parts that make up a r/c nitro engine carburetor.

Radio Control Nitro Engine Picture

Radio Control Nitro Engine Picture

Understanding your r/c nitro engine carburetor is very important.

Learning how to adjust your carburetor to critical in getting your r/c nitro engine to perform correctly.

Adjusting the high speed needle or screw either lean's or richen's your nitro fuel mixture entering the r/c nitro engine.

Adjusting this needle controls the temperature your engine is running at. Plus, it affects the overall performance of your r/c nitro engine.

Too some degree adjusting your high speed needle can change how your engine idles. It can be an art or science getting your r/c nitro engine carburetor adjusted properly.

Be patient and only do adjustments in small increments. A 1/16th to 1/4th of a turn.

I usually start at a 1/16th of a turn and see how that works and keep adding a 1/16th of a turn till I reach the tune that suits me.

So do take your time and keep notes on what adjustments you are making.

Radio Control Nitro Engine Picture



One other tuning factor that affects your r/c nitro engine is the carburetor restrictor.

Depending on which r/c nitro engine you have you will more than likely have two or three restrictors included with your engine.

The sizes of these restrictors will be from small, medium to large.

The actual millimeter size will vary depending on the size and manufacture of your r/c nitro engine carburetor.

The restrictor you use will depend on your driving style and how you have your engine tuned.

Just remember that changing the restrictor will require you to re-tune your r/c nitro engine carburetor.

Carburetor

A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe, a "Pengina" or "barrel" through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine. The pipe is in the form of a venturi: it narrows in section and then widens again, causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part. Below the venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve — a rotating disc that can be turned end-on to the airflow, so as to hardly restrict the flow at all, or can be rotated so that it (almost) completely blocks the flow of air. This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air/fuel mixture the system will deliver, thereby regulating engine power and speed. The throttle is connected, usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link, to the accelerator pedal on a car or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment.

Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the venturi and at other places where pressure will be lowered when not running on full throttle. Fuel flow is adjusted by means of precisely-calibrated orifices, referred to as jets, in the fuel path.
[edit] Off-idle circuit

As the throttle is opened up slightly from the fully-closed position, the throttle plate uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low pressure area created by the throttle plate blocking air flow; these allow more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open throttle circuit.
[edit] Main open-throttle circuit

As the throttle is progressively opened, the manifold vacuum is lessened since there is less restriction on the airflow, reducing the flow through the idle and off-idle circuits. This is where the venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into play, due to Bernoulli's principle (i.e., as the velocity increases, pressure falls). The venturi raises the air velocity, and this high speed and thus low pressure sucks fuel into the airstream through a nozzle or nozzles located in the center of the venturi. Sometimes one or more additional booster venturis are placed coaxially within the primary venturi to increase the effect.

As the throttle is closed, the airflow through the venturi drops until the lowered pressure is insufficient to maintain this fuel flow, and the idle circuit takes over again, as described above.

Bernoulli's principle, which is a function of the velocity of the fluid, is a dominant effect for large openings and large flow rates, but since fluid flow at small scales and low speeds (low Reynolds number) is dominated by viscosity, Bernoulli's principle is ineffective at idle or slow running and in the very small carburetors of the smallest model engines. Small model engines have flow restrictions ahead of the jets to reduce the pressure enough to suck the fuel into the air flow. Similarly the idle and slow running jets of large carburetors are placed after the throttle valve where the pressure is reduced partly by viscous drag, rather than by Bernoulli's principle. The most common rich mixture device for starting cold engines was the choke, which works on the same principle.

RC Differential

There are a few different types of geared differentials but they fall into two distinct categories. The bevel geared planetary type differential is featured in this article and the example used is from an SVM Columbia (no longer in production) large scale car made by Radiosistemi. The other type of geared differential uses straight cut gears and works using the same principle. Geared differentials are normally very reliable and durable assemblies and some owners may never feel the need to open them up for maintenance.

Differential

A differential is a device, usually but not necessarily employing gears, capable of transmitting torque and rotation through three shafts, almost always used in one of two ways: in one way, it receives one input and provides two outputs—this is found in most automobiles—and in the other way, it combines two inputs to create an output that is the sum, difference, or average, of the inputs.


In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, the differential allows each of the driving roadwheels to rotate at different speeds, while for most vehicles supplying equal torque to each of them.

A vehicle's wheels rotate at different speeds, mainly when turning corners. The differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels with equal torque while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. In vehicles without a differential, such as karts, both driving wheels are forced to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain-drive mechanism. When cornering, the inner wheel needs to travel a shorter distance than the outer wheel, so with no differential, the result is the inner wheel spinning and/or the outer wheel dragging, and this results in difficult and unpredictable handling, damage to tires and roads, and strain on (or possible failure of) the entire drivetrain.

RC helicopters

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RC car

We see it all the time in R/C. Even the biggest companies have gotten into the habit of slapping their names on products made by different manufacturers and often sold by more than one brand. Most of the time, these companies never mention that they’re selling cheap gear made overseas. The equipment is usually subpar in quality, doesn’t work well and is poorly supported by both the brand that is selling it, as well as the actual manufacturer.

Every once in a while, though, this process of re-badging existing equipment is a good thing for the brands involved, as well as the consumers. Losi’s Nitrotec R21 engine is an example of the latter.

FEATURES OVERVIEW
If you’re going to re-badge a product, it makes sense to start with a high-quality product. Losi readily admits that Novarossi World S.r.l. manufactures the R21 in Italy; the Nitrotec engine is very similar to the Plus 21-4 we reviewed in the July ’09 issue, minus a few cuts on the head fins, different anodizing, and small changes in port and crank timing. This is good news, because the Plus-4 is an incredible engine.
Just four functional ports can be found on the R21’s sleeve, with two of those being a bridged boost port opposite the exhaust port. Twin transfer ports on each side help pack the air/fuel charge into the combustion chamber for ignition, and a tall exhaust port allows the spent mixture to be expelled quickly. The sleeve is devoid of fancy and dramatic machining, but the R21’s design, like the Plus 4, is all business.

RC engines

What is a glow engine?
R/C models are powered in a variety of ways. Sailplanes, for example, need no power source other than nature. But they’re the exception. Nearly all R/C vehicles, aircraft, boats and helicopters require something to propel them into action.

Electric models use small motors, powered by battery cells. Those motors should not be confused with glow engines — which are actual internal combustion power plants that form the heart of any “gas” or “nitro” powered R/C model.

Most nitro R/C models use a 2- or 4-stroke glow engine, sized specifically for that model. Typically, they range in displacement from .049 cu. in. to 1.2 cu. in. (80cc to 20cc) — a variety that satisfies virtually any model’s power requirements.

automobile

Automobile: road vehicle that is motor-driven and is used for transporting people.
Trunk: place for stowing baggage.
Tail light: rear light.
Back fender: side rear part of the body that covers the wheel.
Quarter window: window pane situated approximately above the rear wheel.
Roof post: vertical structure that supports the top of the car.
Window: mounted pane of glass.
Door handle: part of the door used to open it.
Door: opening used to enter the passenger compartment.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Door post: vertical structures that encase the windows.
Hub cap: piece of metal covering the hubs.
Wheel: round object that turns around a central axel and allows the car to advance.
Front fender: side fore part of the body that covers the wheel.
Shield: movable apparatus that protects against bumps.
Indicator light: amber light that is used to signal changes in the car's direction.
License plate: piece of metal that carries a number used to identify the automobile.
Bumper: apparatus at the front and rear of a vehicle that protects the body from minor bumps.
Head light: front light of a car.
Grill: plastic or metal decoration over the radiator.
Hood: cover of the engine compartment at the front of a car.
Windshield wiper: movable device, made partly of rubber, that wipes the windshield and rear window of a car.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Windshield: the front window of a car.
Sun roof: movable part that allows the roof of a car to be partially opened.
Roof: upper part of a car, covering the passenger compartment.

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Vehicle type van vehicle make toyota body color white doors 4 doors transmission automatic fuel type diesel vehicle no pa-xxxx safety driver air bag passenger air bag anti-lock brakes air conditioning power steering 4 wheel windows power windows rear window defroster am/fm radio am/fm stereo tape cd player dvd player other features alloy wheels power door locks security system additional info tv, cd, dvd, chrome alloy wheels, rear speakers

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elephants
Elephants are large land mammals of the order Proboscidea and the family Elephantidae. There are three living species: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant and the Asian Elephant (also known as the Indian Elephant). Other species have become extinct since the last ice age, the Mammoths, dwarf forms of which may have survived as late as 2,000 BC, being the best-known of these. They were once classified along with other thick skinned animals in a now invalid order, Pachydermata.
Elephants are the largest land animals.The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 120 kilograms (260 lb). They typically live for 50 to 70 years, but the oldest recorded elephant lived for 82 years. The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1956. This male weighed about 12,000 kilograms (26,000 lb),[4] with a shoulder height of 4.2 metres (14 ft), a metre (yard) taller than the average male African elephant. The smallest elephants, about the size of a calf or a large pig, were a prehistoric species that lived on the island of Crete during the Pleistocene epoch.

Sea

The term sea refers to certain large amounts of water, but there is inconsistency as to its precise definition and application. Most commonly, a sea may refer to a large expanse of Saline water connected with an ocean , but it is also used sometimes for a large saline lake that lacks a natural outlet, e.g. the Caspian Sea. Colloquially, the term is used as a synonym for ocean. Additionally, large lakes, such as the Great Lakes of North America, are occasionally referred to as "inland seas".



Birds
Sri Lanka is a birds paradise with 435 resident species. There are 26 endemic birds. Most of them are found in the wet zone. The winter migrants come from distant Siberia and western Europe. The reservoirs attract vast number of water birds. The forests attract many other species. There are many birds sanctuaries across the little island 270 km by 140 km in size.

Kumana is situated in east Coast, Bundala, Kalamatiya are is in the southern coast, Sinharaja Rain Forest, Udawatta Kale, Bellanwila, Muthurajawela, Minneriya, Kitulgala and Minipe are other important Bird watching locations. In additions you can see birds through out the country in pockets of forests, lakes, lagoons and river sides during your travel.

Riligen

Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit: ????????? ????; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism.[1] In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Sammasambuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE; more recently, however, at a specialist symposium on this question,[2] the majority of those scholars who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later dates.[3]

Gautama, also known as Sakyamuni or Shakyamuni ("sage of the Shakyas"), is the key figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to Gautama were passed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later. Early Western scholarship tended to accept the biography of the Buddha presented in the Buddhist scriptures as largely historical, but currently "scholars are increasingly reluctant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life and teachings."[4]
Life

The primary sources of information regarding Siddhartha Gautama's life are the Buddhist texts. According to these, the Buddha and his monks spent four months each year discussing and rehearsing his teachings, and after his death his monks set about preserving them. A council was held shortly after his death, and another was held a century later. At these councils the monks attempted to establish and authenticate the extant accounts of the life and teachings of the Buddha following systematic rules. They divided the teachings into distinct but overlapping bodies of material, and assigned specific monks to preserve each one.[5] In some cases, essential aspects of teachings attributed to the Buddha were incorporated into stories and chants in an effort to preserve them accurately.[6]

education of law

what is law

Lawis a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal (often referred to as chattel) and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's rights or property are harmed. If the harm is criminalised in a statute, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies, while international law governs affairs between sovereign nation states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."

Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions, which codify their laws, and common law systems, where judge made law is not consolidated. In some countries, religion still informs the law. Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry, into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis or sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread." In a typical democracy, the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.